PFAS: Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances Sampling Protocols and Issues

PFAS compounds have been “emerging contaminants” for a few years now. It seems this last year has reached a critical point for environmental investigation and sampling for this large group of fluorinated polymers. The number of calls we receive about sampling for PFAS has steadily increased during the last two years. Many groups and agencies have been releasing guidance documents about PFAS compounds and PFAS sampling protocols (see geoprobe.com/PFAS).

PFOS = perfluorooctane sulfonate, yellow - carbon, teal - flourine, purple - oxygen, red - hydrogen, green - sulfer

What are PFAS?

PFAS consist of a large group of fluorinated polymers used in many commercial and industrial products. This includes any of the Teflon® polymers used in common household products like your frying pan, PTFE plumber’s tape, your Goretex-lined rain coat, or the water/stain resistant coating on your carpet or couch. One of the primary concerns for these polymers relates to Aqueous Fire Fighting Foams (known as AFFF, AF3, or A triple F). The Department of Defense (DOD) has used these foams to fight/control fires at air bases and also used in fire training. Many commercial airports and some municipal fire departments have also used AFFF. These fire-fighting foams contain several of the PFAS polymers, including PFOA and PFOS.

EPA Guidelines

The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a Health Advisory Level for PFOA + PFOS at 70 parts per trillion – yes, parts per trillion. This advisory level is about 100 times lower than any previous maximum contaminant level set by the EPA. This means that the potential for cross contamination of samples by commonly used products during field sampling becomes a significant concern. These products range from the Rite-in-the-Rain notebooks, to Tyvek suits, sunscreen, bug spray, Teflon® liners of many sample bottle caps, and more.

Geoprobe® Sampler Analysis and Advice

A few laboratories have started programs to verify whether many of these products are truly a significant concern for PFAS cross-contamination. Jennifer Field, Ph.D., at Oregon State University (OSU) leads one of the research teams. Geoprobe® submitted samples of our clear PVC soil liners and lay flat liners used for sonic soil sampling to OSU. Field’s team analyzed the Geoprobe® soil liners for 24 PFAS analytes, including PFOS and PFOA. Field and her team are preparing to publish the results of their analyses soon. Geoprobe® will provide links to the article on our webpage as soon as we learn it has been published.

Preliminary results indicate all of the Geoprobe® soil liners are below the reporting limit for all 24 PFAS compounds for which they were tested. These results are for a single sampling event, so we get a snapshot in time about PFAS results for the liners.

Geoprobe® recommends you conduct periodic field rinsate samples of tools and soil liners during your PFAS sampling projects. You must use PFAS free water provided by your laboratory for this purpose. Tap water or bottled water may have been in contact with PFAS containing materials such as Teflon® tape or PTFE containing pipe joint compound. Of course, use bottles (HDPE or Polypropylene) provided by your lab for the PFAS field rinsate samples.

The steel components of soil samplers and groundwater sampling tools do not contain PFAS compounds. Use of these tools for PFAS sampling and investigation following standard procedures is appropriate. Be careful to NOT use materials like Teflon® tape or PTFE joint compound on joints or fittings that will have sample contact. Don’t use Teflon® soil liners or tubing in your sampling for PFAS. Use the clear PVC soil liners when soil sampling or HDPE or polypropylene tubing when groundwater sampling. The DOD has recommended the use of silicon-based plumbers paste and O-rings in place of Teflon® products. Also, the DECON 90 product contains PFAS components so use decon soap and water approved for PFAS sampling. We are all coming up the PFAS learning curve. As the entire industry continues to learn about PFAS sampling, analysis, and remediation, updates and revisions to guidance documents and operating procedures will be issued.

Links

https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-and-pfos
https://pfas-1.itrcweb.org/fact-sheets/
https://www.epa.gov/water-research/pfas-methods-and-guidance-sampling-and-analyzing-water-and-other-environmental-media
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/pfas_methods_tech_brief_28feb19_update.pdf
https://www.michigan.gov/pfasresponse/0,9038,7-365-86510_87154-469832--,00.html
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/pfas/docs/march_pfas_sampling_guidelines.pdf

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The 4-Twenty Project New Geoprobe® SDT60 Weighted Wire Line System Obtains High-Quality Soil Samples in Less Time Probing Times Fall 2015 > Read More	Living the American Dream As a young man out of high school, Rob McAllister wasn’t sure what he wanted to do with his life. That’s something a lot of people can relate to. Probing Times Fall 2015 > Read More	A Real Game Changer: 2.0 in. Slim Prepacks and 3.75 in. Rods With an inside diameter of 3.0 in., the 3.75 in. Probe Rods have an optimal casing combining ease of use for 2.0-in. Slim Prepack monitoring well installation, Probing Times Fall 2015 > Read More	Dual Winch System Saves Time and Money One of our most versatile machines just got an efficiency boost! A true dual winch option is now available for the 7822DT... Probing Times Fall 2015 > Read More
Customer Success: Living the American Dream They made the decision over dinner one evening. “I think we should start our own business,” Dusty Schroeder said to his wife, Kim, with their three small children at the table... Probing Times Fall 2014 > Read More	Customer Success: Geotechnical Investigation for New Bridge Pier Foundations The Mannik & Smith Group Inc.’s (MSG) drilling division provided geotechnical investigation and engineering services for roadway, embankment, bridge abutment, and pier design... Probing Times Fall 2014 > Read More	Grouting Made Easy with the Direct Image® 2.25 in. Grout Sub The new Direct Image® (DI) 2.25 in. Grout Sub (222346) will attach to any 2.25 in. DI tool string, and allow you to easily grout your borehole from bottom up... Probing Times Fall 2014 > Read More	Customer Success: “Oh, The Places You’ll Go!” Mike Hynes, Master Water Well Driller at John D. Hynes & Associates in Salisbury, MD, reports their 7822DT continues to do things and go places with continued success... Probing Times Fall 2014 > Read More
Customer Success: 7822DT: “Right” Sized Package, Power and Capabilities Geo Logic, Inc., Clarksville, IN, was retained by Professional Service Industries (PSI) to install a 2.0-in. PVC monitoring well near a former underground storage tank (UST) site at the.. Probing Times Fall 2014 > Read More	Satisfy Sample Hungry Clients with NEW Patented 3-inch Interlocking Split Spoon Frozen. Everything. Everywhere. A common challenge in Alaska where the geology is interesting - to say the least - with glacial till and large cobbles. But the tough terra firma... E-Newsletter > Read More	Cut Fuel Consumption In Half With New Features On The 7822DT V3 Turning augers with the throttle full tilt and then idling down when fine tuning tool strings may be automatically programmed into some driller’s minds... E-Newsletter > Read More	Increase Sampling Efficiency with NEW DT22 Detent Drive Head Loose soils. Medium dense soils. No matter the soil type, the NEW DT22 Detent Drive Head has solved the challenge of damaged or stranded liners... E-Newsletter > Read More
Augerhead Adds Rock Coring Capability to 78 Series Machines At the 2012 Geoprobe® Open House, the Geoprobe® Engineering Team demonstrated rock coring capabilities using the 7822DT – version 2 – equipped with a new GA4100... Web Article > Read More	Geoprobe Systems® Rolls Out Array of NEW Products at 2014 Open House Geoprobe® Open House 2014 event organizers didn’t hold anything back! There were two full days of new Geoprobe® products and technology on display, the introduction... Web Article > Read More	Geoprobe® Geologist Wes McCall to Provide Presentations for Inaugural AESAS Conference in Brazil Web Article > Read More	Direct Image® Operational Tips Email Find out more about recent DI software updates and tips for the field... Web Article > Read More
Gregg Drilling Uses MIP To Develop Strategic ISCO Treatment Gregg Drilling & Testing, based in California, recently partnered with a Northern California environmental consultant to provide Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) and... Web Article > Read More	Evaluation and application of the optical image profiler (OIP) a direct push probe for photo-logging UV-induced fluorescence of petroleum hydrocarbons Web Article > Read More	Groundwater Monitoring Environmental Protection Article Web Article > Read More	Mechanical Bladder Pump Approved by US EPA's ETV Program Web Article > Read More
How the Mechanical Bladder Pump Works Web Article > Read More	Open House 2012 Wrap-Up It was overcast but dry and spirits were high as our 2012 Open House got underway Thursday morning. Close to 150 people travelled from half a dozen... Web Article > Read More	Geoprobe®: The Right Tools for Investigation of Uranium in Drinking Water A few years back, the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services began testing all of the water supply wells across Nebraska to be sure... Web Article > Read More	Direct Image® 2012 Workshop Wrap-Up The response to our first ever Direct Image® Workshop surprised even us! Preparation for the workshop was a lot of work and at times tension was high but when the day finally arrived... Web Article > Read More
MC7 Soil Sampling System The MC7 is a continuous soil sampler that compliments the industry standard MC5 system with very similar means of operation. Web Article > Read More	Supporting Exploration Around the World Our customers describe our equipment as “Versatile, Innovative, Easy-to-use, and Supported like no other drilling equipment” they own... Web Article > Read More

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